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Sex differences in substance use disorders: focus on side effects.

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Women face higher risks for side effects from substance use disorders (SUDs) and their treatments. This highlights the need for sex-specific medical advice and research in addiction medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Sex differences in substance use disorders (SUDs) are known, but less understood regarding side effects.
  • Subjective effects are sought, while other manifestations are considered side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review sex differences in side effects from substances of abuse and SUD medications.
  • To inform patients and guide clinical practice regarding sex-based risks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sex differences in side effects.
  • Analysis of data on alcohol, nicotine, heroin, marijuana, and cocaine.
  • Examination of side effects from approved SUD medications.

Main Results:

  • Women have higher risks for alcohol-induced injuries, liver disease, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, brain damage, and mortality.
  • Women face greater risks for tobacco-related heart and lung diseases.
  • Women experience more side effects from heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and SUD medications.

Conclusions:

  • Women are more vulnerable to side effects from substances of abuse and SUD treatments.
  • Patients with SUDs should be informed of higher risks for women.
  • Medication doses for women with SUDs require adjustment, at least by body weight.
  • Increased female subject recruitment in research is crucial for understanding SUDs in women.