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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Crystallographic Point Groups01:29

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Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque...
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Zig-zag twins and helical phase transformations.

Yaniv Ganor1, Traian Dumitrică2, Fan Feng1

  • 1Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|March 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Permanent magnets induce large bending in NiMnGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloy cantilevers. This study presents a general theory for bent states, enabling new micro-actuation technologies.

Keywords:
Ni2MnGabendingcontinuum mechanicsferromagnetic shape memorymartensitic phase transformation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) like NiMnGa exhibit unique deformation properties.
  • Understanding large bending and twisting in FSMAs is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and theoretically explain large bending deformation in NiMnGa FSMAs induced by permanent magnets.
  • To develop a general theory for bent and twisted states in FSMAs.
  • To explore potential applications in micro-robotic actuation.

Main Methods:

  • Applying a magnetic field (∼0.02 T) using permanent magnets to planar NiMnGa cantilevers.
  • Observing and analyzing the resulting arched shape and zig-zag microstructure.
  • Developing a general theory for bent and twisted states, applicable to twinning and phase transformations.
  • Investigating atomistic models of bent and twisted configurations.

Main Results:

  • NiMnGa cantilevers deform into an arched shape, consistent with theoretical predictions.
  • A zig-zag microstructure facilitates kinematic and magnetic compatibility between twin variants.
  • Achieved order-of-magnitude amplification of rotation and axial strain in certain configurations.
  • Demonstrated large deformation induced by small magnetic fields.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding large deformations in FSMAs.
  • The observed phenomena have significant potential for developing novel actuation technologies.
  • These findings pave the way for advanced micro-robotic systems.