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Related Concept Videos

The Entropy as a State Function01:14

The Entropy as a State Function

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Consider an arbitrary process that moves between two specific states (A and B) in a cyclic manner. This process is reversible and broken down into smaller parts that each follow a Carnot cycle. A Carnot cycle has two isothermal (constant temperature) processes. During these processes, the ratio of the amount of heat transferred to their respective temperature remains constant. The other two processes in the Carnot cycle are also reversible but adiabatic, which means they occur without any heat...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Entropy02:39

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
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Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Non-hermitian quantum thermodynamics.

Bartłomiej Gardas1,2, Sebastian Deffner1,3, Avadh Saxena1,3

  • 1Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum thermodynamics extends the second law of thermodynamics to non-Hermitian quantum systems. The Jarzynski equality holds for systems with real spectra, even far from equilibrium.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Thermodynamics traditionally describes heat and work.
  • Quantum mechanics offers a framework for microscopic systems.
  • Understanding quantum thermodynamic relations is crucial for quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the robustness of quantum thermodynamic relations against different quantum mechanical formulations.
  • To determine the conditions under which the Jarzynski equality and second law of thermodynamics are valid in non-Hermitian quantum systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of quantum thermodynamic relations in non-Hermitian quantum systems.
  • Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics.
  • Investigation of the Jarzynski equality and Carnot bound.

Main Results:

  • The Jarzynski equality is shown to be valid for all non-Hermitian quantum systems with a real spectrum.
  • The second law of thermodynamics, in the quasistatic limit, leads to the Carnot bound, even with complex eigenenergies in conjugate pairs.
  • Proposed experimental setups for validation.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum thermodynamic laws exhibit resilience across different quantum mechanical frameworks.
  • Non-Hermitian quantum systems can adhere to fundamental thermodynamic principles under specific conditions.
  • Experimental verification is feasible in systems like exciton-polaritons and tight-binding models.