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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

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Oocyte cryopreservation: where are we now?

Catrin E Argyle1, Joyce C Harper2, Melanie C Davies3

  • 1Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.

Human Reproduction Update
|March 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Oocyte cryopreservation, particularly vitrification, has improved success rates, making it a key part of assisted reproductive technology. More women are using fertility preservation for medical and social reasons, including delaying childbearing.

Keywords:
ARTegg freezingfertility preservationoocyte cryopreservationoocyte vitrification

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Cryobiology
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Background:

  • Oocyte cryopreservation has evolved significantly over three decades, becoming a vital component of ART.
  • Advancements in cryopreservation techniques have led to higher success rates and widespread clinical adoption.
  • Patient demand for fertility preservation, including elective 'social egg freezing', is increasing due to concerns about age-related fertility decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of oocyte cryopreservation techniques and their success rates.
  • To explore the clinical applications and growing trend of elective oocyte cryopreservation.
  • To discuss the future implications of oocyte cryopreservation in reproductive medicine.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science and PubMed databases.
  • Publications from January 1980 to December 2015 were reviewed.
  • Keywords included 'egg freezing', 'oocyte freezing', 'oocyte cryopreservation', 'oocyte vitrification', and 'fertility preservation'.

Main Results:

  • Oocyte cryopreservation success rates have improved, with vitrification offering outcomes comparable to fresh oocytes.
  • Vitrification techniques, both open and closed, show promising results, though comparative success rates are debated.
  • There is a notable increase in oocyte cryopreservation cycles for diverse indications, including elective preservation to mitigate age-related infertility.

Conclusions:

  • Oocyte cryopreservation, with vitrification as the preferred method, is an established ART procedure.
  • A growing number of women are utilizing oocyte cryopreservation for both medical necessity and elective social reasons.
  • Continued auditing of outcomes and long-term follow-up of children born from cryopreserved oocytes are essential.