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Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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Carbohydrate catabolism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism that enables energy extraction from glucose through two primary pathways: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both pathways begin with glycolysis, which operates independently of oxygen availability.Glycolysis: A Shared Starting PointGlycolysis is an oxygen-independent process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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Integrated bioinformatics to decipher the ascorbic acid metabolic network in tomato.

Valentino Ruggieri1, Hamed Bostan1, Amalia Barone1

  • 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.

Plant Molecular Biology
|March 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies 237 tomato genes involved in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) metabolism. These findings pave the way for enhancing Vitamin C content in tomatoes through biofortification strategies.

Keywords:
Co-expression analysisExpression atlasMetabolic pathwayRNA-SeqSolanum lycopersicumVitamin C

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Metabolism
  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is vital for plant and animal metabolism, acting as an antioxidant and enzyme co-factor.
  • Humans require dietary Vitamin C, making biofortification of staple crops like tomatoes a significant nutritional goal.
  • While ascorbate pathways are known, specific tomato genes involved remained unassigned.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map and identify tomato genes associated with the entire ascorbic acid metabolic network.
  • To establish a reference collection of candidate genes for ascorbate biosynthesis, recycling, and translocation in tomato.
  • To provide a framework for understanding ascorbate pathway regulation in tomato development.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated bioinformatics approaches, omics data, and transcriptome collections.
  • Association of 237 tomato loci with enzymatic steps of the ascorbate pathway using updated gene annotation.
  • Co-expression analysis of candidate genes using RNA-Seq data.

Main Results:

  • The first comprehensive reference collection of 237 tomato candidate genes for the ascorbate pathway was established.
  • Co-expression analyses revealed coordinated spatial-temporal regulation of ascorbate pathway genes across tissues and developmental stages.
  • Identified genes contributing to alternative pathways and their expression profiles, supporting hypotheses on Vitamin C accumulation during fruit ripening.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the complex interplay of genes within the tomato ascorbate metabolic network.
  • Provides a foundation for developing strategies to biofortify tomato fruit with Vitamin C.
  • Offers a model framework applicable to studying other metabolic pathways and species.