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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma
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Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

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Multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.

Minjie Gao1, Yuanyuan Kong1, Guang Yang1

  • 1Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Oncotarget
|March 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple myeloma cancer stem cells (MMSCs) drive relapse due to drug resistance. Understanding MMSC phenotype, signaling pathways, and microenvironment interactions is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Keywords:
drug resistancemicroRNAmyeloma stem cellssignaling pathwayssurface marker

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is currently incurable, with cancer stem cells (MMSCs) identified as a key factor in disease relapse.
  • MMSCs possess self-renewal and drug resistance capabilities, but their precise phenotype remains undefined.
  • Current identification methods like side population (SP) and ALDH1+ lack specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of multiple myeloma cancer stem cells (MMSCs).
  • To elucidate MMSC phenotype, drug resistance mechanisms, and regulatory signaling pathways.
  • To explore microRNA expression and bone marrow microenvironment interactions in MMSCs.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
  • Literature search focused on MMSC phenotype, drug resistance, signaling pathways (Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR), microRNAs, and bone marrow microenvironment interactions.
  • Analysis of current knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • MMSC phenotype definition is lacking, hindering precise identification.
  • Mechanisms of MMSC drug resistance require further elucidation.
  • Key signaling pathways and microRNA profiles are implicated in MMSC regulation and survival.
  • MMSC interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment are critical but not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • Defining the MMSC phenotype is essential for targeted therapies.
  • Further research into MMSC drug resistance mechanisms and signaling pathways is needed.
  • Targeting MMSC-specific microRNAs and their bone marrow microenvironment interactions offers potential therapeutic strategies.