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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

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BEFORE OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: CALCIFIER CHEMISTRY LESSONS(1).

Michael Y Roleda¹, Philip W Boyd¹, Catriona L Hurd¹

¹Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandNIWA Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9012, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.

Journal of Phycology

|March 25, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean acidification poses a threat to marine calcifiers. However, organisms may use bicarbonate or CO2, not just carbonate ions, for calcification, potentially mitigating impacts and preventing dissolution.

Keywords:

calcification carbonate chemistry carbonic anhydrase coccolithophores coralline macroalgae corals invertebrate molluscs ocean acidification physiological chemistry

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Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Oceanography
Biogeochemistry

Background:

Ocean acidification (OA) is a significant research area, with a focus on the impact of declining carbonate ion concentrations on calcifying organisms.
Previous studies primarily investigated how reduced seawater carbonate ion concentration and saturation state affect calcium carbonate (CaCO3) structure formation and dissolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the primary threat of OA to calcifying organisms by questioning the source of carbonate ions used in calcification.
To explore how organismal modification of local carbonate chemistry influences their ability to form CaCO3 structures under OA conditions.

Main Methods:

Review of calcification research predating OA studies.
Integration of recent studies examining the source of carbonate ions for calcification.
Analysis of organismal modification of local carbonate chemistry.

Main Results:

Most calcifying organisms utilize bicarbonate or metabolically-produced CO2, rather than solely relying on seawater carbonate ions, for calcification.
The ability of primary producers (corals, seaweeds, coccolithophores) and mollusks to modify local carbonate chemistry is a key factor.
Dissolution of CaCO3 structures may be a more significant threat from OA than impaired calcification for some species.

Conclusions:

Organisms' capacity to alter local carbonate chemistry may enable them to maintain calcification despite OA.
The primary threat of OA to calcifiers might be dissolution, not necessarily impaired calcification, due to alternative carbon sources.
Future research should consider the diverse mechanisms calcifiers employ to manage internal carbonate chemistry in response to changing ocean conditions.