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ADHD Prevalence in Spanish Preschoolers: Comorbidity, Socio-Demographic Factors, and Functional Consequences

Josefa Canals1, Paula Morales-Hidalgo1, M Claustre Jané2

  • 11 Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.

Journal of Attention Disorders
|March 25, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects 5.4% of preschoolers, with higher prevalence in boys. Early ADHD diagnosis is linked to behavioral issues and impacts school performance.

Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Early identification and understanding of ADHD in preschoolers are crucial for timely intervention.
  • Preschool years represent a critical window for assessing developmental trajectories and associated challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of ADHD in preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years.
  • To analyze comorbidities associated with ADHD in this age group.
  • To investigate the relationship between ADHD and socio-demographic factors.

Main Methods:

  • A two-phase epidemiological study involving 1,104 preschoolers in Catalonia, Spain.
  • Utilized the Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4) for parent and teacher assessments.
  • Employed face-to-face interviews and school observations for children at risk, with diagnoses based on DSM-IV criteria.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of ADHD diagnosis was 5.4%, with males and first-born children identified as risk factors.
  • Parents reported higher ADHD symptom rates (12.9%) than teachers (8.7%).
  • Significant comorbidities included behavioral problems (OR=12), autism spectrum disorder (OR=9.5), and tics/OCD (OR=5.9); ADHD children had lower school achievement and poorer maternal health.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD presents with high comorbidity rates even in early development.
  • ADHD significantly impacts school performance and family health.
  • Early detection and management are essential for mitigating long-term effects.
Abstract

Keywords:
ADHDcomorbidityepidemiologypreschoolprevalence

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