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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Nivolumab-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Ryota Tanaka1, Yasuhiro Fujisawa2, Hiroshi Maruyama2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki ryota621@hotmail.co.jp.

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
|March 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, can cause thyroid dysfunction in melanoma patients. Early detection and monitoring are crucial for managing these immune-related adverse events and ensuring treatment continuity.

Keywords:
endocrine-medimmunotherapyskin

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Nivolumab (anti-programmed death-1) is a standard treatment for metastatic melanoma.
  • Nivolumab can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Observation:

  • Thyroid dysfunction occurred in 3 of 14 patients treated with nivolumab, a higher incidence than in initial trials.
  • One patient achieved complete remission, suggesting a potential link between irAEs and anti-tumor efficacy.
  • Thyroid dysfunction can be asymptomatic initially but may progress to symptomatic hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Findings:

  • Two patients developed symptomatic hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement.
  • One patient experienced hyperthyroidism, myalgia, and high fever, leading to nivolumab discontinuation and successful treatment with prednisolone.
  • Thyroid dysfunction symptoms can mimic other conditions, complicating diagnosis.

Implications:

  • Thyroid dysfunction should be considered a potential irAE of nivolumab.
  • Baseline and regular monitoring of thyroid function are recommended during nivolumab therapy.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of nivolumab-induced thyroid dysfunction are essential for patient safety and treatment adherence.