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The Programming Power of the Placenta.

Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri1, Emily J Camm1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal nutrition and oxygen levels impact placental function, influencing fetal growth and long-term health. Placental adaptations to these environmental factors can lead to developmental programming of disease later in life.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Reproductive medicine
  • Perinatal programming

Background:

  • Birth size is a key predictor of lifelong health, primarily determined by placental nutrient supply.
  • The placenta actively adapts morphologically and functionally to optimize nutrient delivery and fetal growth, even under adverse conditions.
  • Nutrient supply during development can program physiological systems, with inadequacies leading to permanent changes and disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the environmental regulation of placental phenotype.
  • To examine the impact of maternal nutritional challenges and oxygen scarcity on placental function and fetal growth.
  • To explore the developmental programming of postnatal disease resulting from altered placental function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on placental adaptation and developmental programming.
  • Emphasis on studies using mice, rats, and guinea pigs.
  • Focus on maternal nutritional and oxygen-related challenges.

Main Results:

  • Placental adaptations are crucial for meeting fetal growth demands under stress.
  • Maternal nutritional and oxygen deficits significantly impact placental function and fetal development.
  • These conditions can lead to developmental programming of disease, particularly evident with aging.

Conclusions:

  • The placenta is a dynamic organ that responds to the intrauterine environment.
  • Maternal factors significantly influence placental phenotype, with long-term consequences for offspring health.
  • Future research should connect placental structure/function with clinical outcomes in offspring.