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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks
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Spatial Ability Explains the Male Advantage in Approximate Arithmetic.

Wei Wei1, Chuansheng Chen2, Xinlin Zhou3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Siegler Center for Innovative Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
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Summary

Males outperform females in approximate arithmetic, a skill linked to spatial ability. This contrasts with exact arithmetic, where females typically excel due to language processing advantages.

Keywords:
approximate arithmeticgender differencespatial ability

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental psychology

Background:

  • Females generally outperform males in exact arithmetic, potentially linked to language processing advantages.
  • Gender differences in approximate arithmetic are less understood, despite its association with visuospatial skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender differences in approximate arithmetic performance.
  • To explore the role of spatial ability in these gender differences.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving 496 children and 554 college students.
  • Participants completed tasks assessing approximate arithmetic and spatial abilities.

Main Results:

  • Males demonstrated superior performance in approximate arithmetic tasks compared to females.
  • This male advantage in approximate arithmetic was explained by underlying differences in spatial ability.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial ability is a key factor mediating gender differences in approximate arithmetic.
  • Findings suggest distinct cognitive mechanisms underlie exact and approximate arithmetic performance in males and females.