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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
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New Perspectives in Spinal Anatomy.

Wolfgang Rauschning1

  • 1Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Spine
|March 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The Uppsala Cryoplaning Technique uses cryomicrotome slices to image spinal anatomy and pathologies. This method aids spine surgeons in understanding complex spinal structures for better diagnosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Pathology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The Uppsala Cryoplaning Technique has a 30-year history in spinal research.
  • It is used to study normal spinal anatomy and various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance spine surgeons' understanding of spinal anatomical structures.
  • To illustrate the application of cryoplaning in visualizing spinal pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes a heavy-duty sledge cryomicrotome.
  • Creates anatomical images from in situ fresh-frozen specimens.
  • Acquires images at submillimeter intervals.

Main Results:

  • Generates authentic anatomical images of spinal slices.

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  • Provides detailed visualization of normal and pathological spinal anatomy.
  • Demonstrates the technique's capability in high-resolution imaging.

    • Conclusions:

    • The Uppsala Cryoplaning Technique offers valuable insights into spinal anatomy.
    • It serves as an effective tool for studying spinal trauma, degenerative conditions, tumors, and metastases.
    • Enhances anatomical understanding for spine surgeons.