Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Divergence and Curl of Electric Field01:25

Divergence and Curl of Electric Field

7.6K
The divergence of a vector is a measure of how much the vector spreads out (diverges) from a point. For example, an electric field vector diverges from the positive charge and converges at the negative charge. The divergence of an electric field is derived using Gauss's law and is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. Mathematically, it is expressed as
7.6K
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

2.0K
When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity....
2.0K
Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

31.0K
Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
31.0K
Electromotive Force01:02

Electromotive Force

6.5K
Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower  potential. The term "electromotive force" is used for historical reasons, even though emf is not a force at all.
Any circuit with a constant current must contain an emf-producing source. Examples of emf sources include batteries, electric generators, solar cells, thermocouples, and fuel cells. All these sources transform energy of some kind (mechanical, chemical, thermal, and so on)...
6.5K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.9K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.9K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

2.1K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<sup>19</sup>F NMR probes of conformational change in a bifurcating electron transfer flavoprotein.

Biophysical journal·2026
Same author

Electrochemical characterization of photo-driven hole-scavenging by cadmium sulfide quantum dot-nitrogenase biohybrid complexes.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Vacancy-Redox Coupling at Interface-Engineered Heterostructures Enhances Reversible Energy Conversion in Protonic Ceramic Cells.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Mechanistic Insights into Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia in Light-Controlled Nanocrystal:Nitrogenase Complexes.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same author

Proteomic Characterization of Major Fish Allergy Responsive Protein Parvalbumins in Hilsa (<i>Tenualosa ilisha</i>): A Commercially Important Fish in Southeast Asia.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2025
Same author

Cyclometalated Gold(III)-Mediated Cysteine Arylation: A Bioorthogonal Platform for Covalent Targeting of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization
06:58

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Published on: July 12, 2016

10.1K

Electron bifurcation.

John W Peters1, Anne-Frances Miller2, Anne K Jones3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|March 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron bifurcation, a novel energy conservation mechanism, couples reactions to overcome thermodynamic barriers. Understanding these bifurcating enzymes and their redox cofactors is crucial for biological energy transfer.

More Related Videos

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices
09:26

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

Published on: June 26, 2015

9.4K
The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
10:03

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Published on: September 30, 2014

27.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization
06:58

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Published on: July 12, 2016

10.1K
In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices
09:26

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

Published on: June 26, 2015

9.4K
The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
10:03

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Published on: September 30, 2014

27.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Bioenergetics
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Electron bifurcation is the third recognized mechanism of biological energy conservation.
  • It couples exergonic and endergonic oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • This process circumvents thermodynamic barriers and minimizes free energy loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the current understanding of bifurcating enzymes.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic features of electron bifurcation.
  • To explain how enzymes partition electrons for energy conservation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on electron bifurcating enzymes.
  • Analysis of the structural and functional roles of redox cofactors.
  • Mechanistic investigation of electron partitioning.

Main Results:

  • Electron bifurcating enzymes utilize redox cofactors like flavins and iron-sulfur clusters.
  • These enzymes reversibly partition electrons from a single redox site.
  • Specific mechanistic details are emerging for characterized bifurcating enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Electron bifurcation is a key mechanism for efficient biological energy conservation.
  • Further research into bifurcating enzymes will reveal more about their function.
  • Understanding these enzymes is vital for bioenergetics and metabolic pathway research.