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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons
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Ketamine use in current clinical practice.

Mei Gao1,2, Damoon Rejaei2, Hong Liu2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
|March 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketamine, a long-used anesthetic, shows promise for pain management, including in children, and may offer antidepressant and antisuicidal benefits. Research explores its mechanisms, enantiomers, and clinical applications, weighing benefits against risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Ketamine has been clinically used for nearly 50 years.
  • Recent research focuses on ketamine's mechanisms of action, particularly its enantiomers.
  • Its utility is expanding beyond anesthesia to pain control and mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of ketamine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • To discuss the benefits and risks of ketamine in diverse clinical settings.
  • To highlight emerging applications in pediatric pain and depression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ketamine's pharmacological properties.
  • Analysis of research on ketamine's mechanisms of action, including enantiomers.
  • Synthesis of data on clinical applications in pain and mental health.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine exhibits anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects relevant to acute and chronic pain.
  • Emerging evidence suggests potential antidepressant and antisuicidal properties.
  • Its use in pediatric emergency pain management is growing.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine remains a valuable agent with evolving applications in pain management.
  • Further research into its enantiomers and neuropsychiatric effects is warranted.
  • Careful consideration of ketamine's benefits and risks is essential for optimal patient outcomes.