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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs
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The calyx of Held in the auditory system: Structure, function, and development.

Maryna Baydyuk1, Jianhua Xu2, Ling-Gang Wu1

  • 1National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg 35, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Hearing Research
|March 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The calyx of Held, crucial for auditory processing, uses its unique structure for fast, precise signaling. Its large size enables detailed study of presynaptic mechanisms and development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Transmission
  • Auditory System Research

Background:

  • The calyx of Held is vital for sound localization in the auditory system.
  • Its large size and specialized structure facilitate rapid and precise synaptic transmission.
  • Developmental changes are critical for its functional maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical and physiological specializations of the calyx of Held.
  • To summarize recent findings on calyx development and reliable synaptic transmission.
  • To examine fundamental presynaptic mechanisms elucidated using the calyx as a model.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and physiological studies.
  • Analysis of research on calyx development and synaptic function.
  • Examination of electrophysiological recordings from the calyx of Held.

Main Results:

  • The calyx of Held's unique accessibility allows detailed investigation of presynaptic events.
  • Studies reveal mechanisms governing calyx development and its reliable transmission.
  • Fundamental presynaptic mechanisms are illuminated through calyx research.

Conclusions:

  • The calyx of Held serves as an exceptional model for understanding central synaptic transmission.
  • Its specialized features are key to auditory processing and synaptic reliability.
  • Ongoing research continues to uncover essential presynaptic mechanisms.