Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Published on: January 17, 2013
Predicting Sport Experience During Training: The Role of Change-Oriented Feedback in Athletes' Motivation,
Joëlle Carpentier1, Geneviève A Mageau
1Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Abstract:
Change-oriented feedback (COF) quality is predictive of between-athletes differences in their sport experience (Carpentier & Mageau, 2013). This study extends these findings by investigating how training-to-training variations in COF quality influence athletes' training experience (within-athlete differences) while controlling for the impact of promotion-oriented feedback (POF). In total, 49 athletes completed a diary after 15 consecutive training sessions to assess COF and POF received during training, as well as situational outcomes. Multivariate multilevel analyses showed that, when controlling for covariates, COF quality during a specific training session is positively linked to athletes' autonomous motivation, self-confidence and satisfaction of their psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness during the same session. In contrast, COF quantity is negatively linked to athletes' need for competence. POF quality is a significant positive predictor of athletes' self-confidence and needs for autonomy and competence. Contributions to the feedback and SDT literature, and for coaches' training, are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Trait and State Self-Esteem
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback
Motivational Cycle
The cycle begins with a need. This need can arise from various conditions, such as hunger, thirst, or temperature changes. For instance, when an individual feels cold, their body...
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Self-Efficacy
Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification

