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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
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Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
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Space Radiation and Human Exposures, A Primer.

Gregory A Nelson1

  • 1Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354.

Radiation Research
|March 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Space radiation, including cosmic rays and solar particles, poses health risks. Models assess these risks for astronauts by analyzing radiation environments and shielding effects.

Area of Science:

  • Space physics
  • Astrobiology
  • Radiation biology

Background:

  • The space radiation environment is characterized by high-energy charged particles from galactic cosmic rays, solar events, and Earth's radiation belts.
  • Solar activity, including particle ejections and luminosity variations, significantly impacts the space radiation field and modulates cosmic ray intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the components of the space radiation environment.
  • To explain the methods for assessing human health risks associated with space radiation exposure during missions.
  • To describe the modeling of radiation fields within spacecraft and the estimation of biological risks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing transport models to simulate radiation propagation through spacecraft shielding.

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  • Employing radiobiological experiments and epidemiological studies to quantify health outcomes.
  • Developing probabilistic models for cancer risks and permissible exposure limits for non-cancer risks.

    • Main Results:

    • Space radiation comprises a complex mix of particles with a wide energy range.
    • Human health risks are estimated by combining environmental models, shielding assessments, and radiobiological data.
    • Cancer risks are modeled probabilistically, while non-cancer risks are managed via exposure limits.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the space radiation environment is crucial for astronaut safety.
    • Accurate modeling of radiation transport and biological effects is essential for mission planning.
    • Mitigating space radiation exposure requires comprehensive risk assessment and management strategies.