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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Supporting patients with type 1 diabetes.

Anne Phillips1

  • 1Senior Lecturer in Diabetes Care, University of York.

British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)
|March 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition influenced by genetics, immunity, and environment. Effective self-management requires health professional support and person-centered care, especially with rising obesity complicating diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with complex genetic, immunologic, and environmental origins.
  • Increasing obesity rates present diagnostic challenges and impact disease management.
  • Effective patient education and person-centered care are crucial for lifelong self-management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology, aetiology, and prevalence of type 1 diabetes.
  • To discuss recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance for type 1 diabetes management.
  • To highlight the role of healthcare professionals in supporting self-management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on type 1 diabetes.
  • Analysis of recent clinical guidelines from NICE (NG17 and NG18).
Keywords:
Blood glucosePatient care planningPerson-centred careSelf-careType 1 diabetes mellitus

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  • Reflection on the principles of person-centered care in diabetes management.

    • Main Results:

    • Type 1 diabetes aetiology involves a multifactorial interplay of genetic predisposition, immune system dysregulation, and environmental triggers.
    • Obesity exacerbates diagnostic difficulties and influences management strategies.
    • NICE guidelines provide updated recommendations for optimizing care in adults, children, and young people with type 1 diabetes.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal management of type 1 diabetes necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology and contributing factors.
    • Healthcare professionals are vital in empowering patients with the skills for effective self-care.
    • Adherence to updated NICE guidance is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.