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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Microvascular Embolism Mouse Model for In Vivo Two-photon Microscopy Using Fluorescent Polystyrene Microspheres
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[GAS MICROEMBOLISM DURING EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION].

L S Lokshin

    Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia
    |March 30, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study compared four extracorporeal circuits for removing gaseous microemboli during heart surgery. Medtronic and Terumo circuits demonstrated superior performance in reducing microemboli, enhancing patient safety.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular Surgery
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • Gas and material embolism are significant causes of cognitive impairment after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
    • Extensive research over two decades highlights the risks associated with surgical procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass.
    • Understanding and mitigating embolic events is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate and compare the filter capacity of four different extracorporeal circuits.
    • To assess the effectiveness of these circuits in removing gaseous microemboli during cardiac and aortic interventions.
    • To identify which extracorporeal circuits offer the best protection against embolic complications.

    Main Methods:

    • A study involving 60 patients undergoing acquired heart and aorta surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
    • Four distinct extracorporeal circuits were utilized, with 15 patients assigned to each group.
    • Real-time monitoring of gaseous microemboli quantity and quality using the BCC-200 GAMPT device.

    Main Results:

    • The Medtronic and Terumo extracorporeal circuits exhibited the best performance based on Volume Reduction (Vol. Red) and Filter Index (Fl).
    • The Maquet system and Eurosets circuits showed less effective microemboli removal compared to Medtronic and Terumo.
    • Statistical analysis confirmed the significant differences in filter capacity among the tested circuits.

    Conclusions:

    • The BCC-200 device effectively identifies sources of gaseous microemboli.
    • Real-time data on microemboli allows perfusionists to enhance patient safety by selecting appropriate extracorporeal circuits.
    • Minimizing embolic load entering the arterial line is achievable through informed circuit selection and management.