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Related Concept Videos

Extracellular Matrix01:26

Extracellular Matrix

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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues
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Mechanical heterogeneities in the subendothelial matrix develop with age and decrease with exercise.

Julie C Kohn1, Adeline Chen1, Stephanie Cheng1

  • 1Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.

Journal of Biomechanics
|March 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging and lack of exercise stiffen arteries, increasing cardiovascular risk. Exercise reversed age-related stiffening and non-uniformity in the arterial subendothelial matrix, suggesting a key role for matrix mechanics in vascular health.

Keywords:
AtherosclerosisAtomic force microscopyMechanotransductionPulse wave velocityStiffness

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Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Arterial stiffening is a hallmark of aging and a major cardiovascular risk factor, often linked to sedentary lifestyles.
  • While bulk arterial stiffness increases with age, the stiffening of the intima, the innermost layer, is less understood.
  • Cellular function is influenced by the mechanical properties of the surrounding matrix, necessitating micro-scale analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of aging and exercise on subendothelial matrix stiffening in the aorta.
  • To correlate micro-scale matrix stiffness with macro-scale arterial stiffness.
  • To determine if exercise can reverse age-related changes in arterial matrix mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the elastic modulus of the subendothelial matrix in mouse thoracic aorta.
  • Compared AFM-derived elastic modulus with conventional pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements.
  • Analyzed young, aged-sedentary, and aged-exercised mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Aged-sedentary mice exhibited elevated subendothelial matrix elastic modulus compared to young or aged-exercised mice.
  • Macro-scale arterial stiffness (PWV) showed a linear correlation with the subendothelial matrix elastic modulus.
  • Age-related stiffening was heterogeneous across the subendothelial matrix, and this heterogeneity was reversed by exercise.

Conclusions:

  • Subendothelial matrix stiffening, characterized by increased elastic modulus and heterogeneity, accompanies aging and sedentary behavior.
  • Exercise effectively mitigates both the uniform and heterogeneous aspects of age-related arterial stiffening.
  • The findings highlight the importance of investigating matrix heterogeneity for understanding age-related vascular dysfunction and endothelial cell behavior.