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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry
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Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

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Early hematopoiesis and macrophage development.

Kathleen E McGrath1, Jenna M Frame1, James Palis1

  • 1University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, Box 703, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, United States.

Seminars in Immunology
|March 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hematopoiesis research shows fetal-derived macrophages, not adult stem cells, populate tissues. Early embryonic waves of hematopoiesis, originating from yolk sac progenitors, establish tissue-resident macrophages, challenging the traditional hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm.

Keywords:
EMPErythro-myeloid progenitorFetalMacrophageMicrogliaYolk sac

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Area of Science:

  • * Developmental immunology and hematopoiesis research.
  • * Focus on cell lineage tracing and progenitor cell origins.

Background:

  • * The traditional view posits all blood cells originate from adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
  • * Tissue-resident macrophages are increasingly recognized as self-renewing and not solely HSC-dependent.
  • * Embryonic hematopoiesis occurs in distinct waves preceding HSC function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the ontogeny of fetal-derived adult tissue-resident macrophages.
  • * To integrate findings on embryonic hematopoiesis waves with macrophage development.
  • * To clarify the origins of macrophages populating tissues during development.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of historical embryonic macrophage studies.
  • * Analysis of recent genetic lineage-tracing studies in murine models.
  • * Integration of macrophage ontogeny with hematopoietic development models.

Main Results:

  • * Early hematopoiesis in the yolk sac generates primitive progenitors, including macrophage progenitors, seeding embryonic tissues.
  • * A second wave of erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) from the yolk sac colonizes the fetal liver and generates tissue macrophages.
  • * Fetal-derived adult tissue-resident macrophages, excluding microglia, primarily originate from these EMPs, not mid-gestation HSCs.

Conclusions:

  • * Macrophage development involves multiple, distinct hematopoietic waves, challenging the HSC-centric model.
  • * Embryonic erythro-myeloid progenitors are key sources of tissue-resident macrophages.
  • * Further research is needed to understand developmental origins and tissue-specific signals influencing macrophage diversity.