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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE TO THE CORACOID PROCESS, ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT AND ACROMION.

Bernardo Barcellos Terra1, Eric Figueiredo Gaspar2, Karina Levy Siqueira2

  • 1Third-year resident physician in the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of Sao Paulo.

Revista Brasileira De Ortopedia
|March 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study precisely mapped the suprascapular nerve

Keywords:
AnatomyBrachial plexusShoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Orthopedics
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • The suprascapular nerve (SSN) is crucial for shoulder function.
  • Understanding its precise anatomical course is vital for surgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the anatomical relationship of the SSN in the suprascapular notch.
  • Measurements were taken to fixed bony landmarks in the shoulder.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 16 cadaveric shoulders (9 male, 7 female).
  • Measurement of SSN distances to the coracoid process, acromioclavicular joint, and acromion.
  • Exclusion of cadavers with prior surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Mean SSN distance to coracoid process base: 3.9 cm (range 3.1-5.2 cm).
  • Mean SSN distance to acromioclavicular joint: 4.7 cm (range 3.9-5.2 cm).
  • Mean SSN distance to anterolateral acromion border: 6.1 cm (range 5.7-6.8 cm).

Conclusions:

  • Precise anatomical knowledge of the SSN is essential for shoulder surgery.
  • This data aids in preventing iatrogenic injuries during open and arthroscopic procedures.
  • Accurate anatomical understanding improves surgical outcomes for shoulder conditions.