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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
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Epigenetic regulation in heart failure.

Soo Young Kim1, Cyndi R Morales, Thomas G Gillette

  • 1aDepartments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) bMolecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

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Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression in heart failure, influenced by metabolic factors, aging, and stress. Understanding these epigenetic changes offers therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heart failure is a prevalent condition characterized by significant cardiac structural remodeling.
  • Pathophysiology involves complex genetic and epigenetic regulatory events.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA modifications and noncoding RNAs, act as key mediators of gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of a major gene regulation mechanism.
  • To highlight recent findings on epigenetic regulation in heart failure.
  • To discuss the relevance of epigenetics to heart failure pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Emphasis on the impact of metabolic milieu, aging, and hemodynamic stress on the cardiac epigenetic landscape.
  • Exploration of biochemical links between epigenetic machinery and cellular energetics.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in heart failure pathophysiology.
  • Metabolic milieu, aging, and hemodynamic stress significantly influence the myocardial epigenetic landscape.
  • Biochemical connections between epigenetic machinery, cellular energetics, and mitochondrial function are increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating epigenetic-energetic links provides molecular insights into epidemiological observations.
  • Therapeutic exploitation of epigenetic machinery holds future clinical relevance for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Further research in cancer, stem cells, development, and cardiovascular biology informs these connections.