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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

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Overview
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Diphtheria01:28

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Sudden-Onset Sensorineural Hearing Loss after Immunization: A Case-Centered Analysis.

Roger Baxter1, Ned Lewis2, Pamela Bohrer3

  • 1Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California, USA roger.baxter@kp.org.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|March 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no evidence linking sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) to common vaccinations like the flu shot. Large-scale analysis confirms vaccine safety regarding hearing health.

Keywords:
adverse eventhearing lossimmunizationinfluenza vaccinesensorineuralvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology and Otolaryngology
  • Vaccinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Concerns have been raised regarding a potential link between vaccinations and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL).
  • This study aimed to rigorously investigate the association between various vaccines and the incidence of SSHL.

Observation:

  • A case-centered study design was employed, analyzing vaccination data for all matched members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) population from 2007 to 2013.
  • Over 20 million vaccine doses were administered during the study period.
  • The study specifically examined the 60 days prior to SSHL diagnosis, comparing vaccine exposure in SSHL cases with that of the general KPNC population.

Findings:

  • No increased risk of SSHL was detected in association with any vaccine receipt within the analyzed risk intervals.
  • Specific odds ratios for vaccination one week prior to SSHL were non-significant for trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), tetanus, reduced diphtheria, and reduced acellular pertussis vaccine, and zoster vaccine.
  • The large-scale analysis did not find any statistically significant association between SSHL and prior receipt of TIV or other evaluated vaccines.

Implications:

  • The findings suggest that common vaccinations, including TIV, do not pose a significant risk for developing sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
  • This research provides robust evidence to address public concerns regarding vaccine-induced hearing loss.
  • The study supports the continued recommendation and administration of vaccines for public health benefits.