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Mating System Transitions Drive Life Span Evolution in Pristionchus Nematodes.

Cameron J Weadick, Ralf J Sommer

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    Mating systems impact evolution. In Pristionchus nematodes, hermaphrodites have shorter adult life spans than females, independent of reproduction costs, revealing a link between mating system evolution and longevity.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Gerontology
    • Animal behavior

    Background:

    • Mating systems significantly influence evolutionary trajectories, particularly sexual selection and conflict.
    • Non-binary (dioecious) mating systems are common, but alternative systems like androdioecy offer unique insights into life-history evolution.
    • The nematode genus Pristionchus exhibits multiple independent transitions to androdioecy, making it an ideal model for studying mating system evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effect of mating system transitions on adult life span in Pristionchus nematodes.
    • To determine if reproductive costs (brood size) influence the observed life span differences.
    • To explore sexual dimorphism in life span within dioecious Pristionchus species and intraspecific variation.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of adult life span across 11 Pristionchus species (6 dioecious, 5 androdioecious).
    • Measurement of brood size to assess reproductive costs in relation to life span.
    • Documentation of life span and disease prevalence variation within the species Pristionchus pacificus.

    Main Results:

    • Hermaphrodites in androdioecious Pristionchus species exhibit significantly shorter adult life spans compared to females in closely related dioecious species.
    • Brood size did not show a consistent trade-off with life span in either hermaphrodites or mated females, suggesting reproduction itself is not the primary driver of reduced longevity.
    • Sexual dimorphism in life span was observed in dioecious species, with females generally living longer than males.

    Conclusions:

    • Mating system transitions are evolutionarily linked to changes in adult life span in Pristionchus nematodes.
    • The reduced life span in hermaphrodites is likely influenced by factors beyond direct reproductive costs.
    • This study provides a foundation for future research into the mechanisms underlying aging and life-history evolution in nematodes.