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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Developing a Registry for Thyroid Incidentalomas: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward.

Louise Davies1,2,3, Erin Pichiotino4, William C Black3,5,6

  • 11 VA Outcomes Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , White River Junction, Vermont.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|March 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Incidentalomas, or unexpected findings on medical imaging, pose challenges due to poor understanding of their risks. A study found many thyroid incidentalomas were not reported to patients, hindering registry development.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Incidentalomas are asymptomatic findings on imaging studies.
  • Thyroid incidentalomas are common but their natural history and impact are poorly understood.
  • Observational registries are proposed to study thyroid incidentalomas and guide management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of establishing an observational registry for thyroid incidentalomas.
  • To evaluate the reporting and patient awareness of incidental thyroid findings.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study identified patients with thyroid nodules from over 109,000 imaging studies.
  • Follow-up included reviewing radiology reports and attempting patient contact.

Main Results:

  • A low reporting rate (<1%) of incidental thyroid nodules was observed.
  • Over half of patients with new thyroid nodules were not notified of the finding.
  • Among notified patients, recall of the finding was low, and none identified it as an incidentaloma.

Conclusions:

  • Significant logistical and ethical challenges exist for incidentaloma registries due to incomplete identification and reporting.
  • Current data quality measures may overwhelm healthcare systems and harm patients.
  • A novel interventional design is proposed for future research to address these challenges.