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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension
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Familiarity and Aptness in Metaphor Comprehension.

Alison Whiteford Damerall, Ronald T Kellogg

    The American Journal of Psychology
    |April 1, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Metaphor comprehension is faster with familiar metaphors, challenging the career of metaphor hypothesis. Findings suggest familiarity, not just categorization, influences how quickly we understand figurative language.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Linguistics
    • Psycholinguistics

    Background:

    • The career of metaphor hypothesis posits that novel metaphors are understood via feature comparison, becoming direct category recognition with familiarity.
    • The categorization hypothesis suggests apt metaphors are always understood via categorization, with literal comparison only for poor metaphors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of familiarity and aptness in metaphor comprehension.
    • To test predictions from both the career of metaphor and categorization hypotheses.

    Main Methods:

    • Experiment 1: Compared comprehension times for high- and low-familiarity metaphors with equated aptness.
    • Experiment 2a: Assessed the effect of literal priming on low-familiarity metaphor interpretation.
    • Experiment 2b: Compared comprehension for high- and low-aptness metaphors with equated familiarity.

    Main Results:

    • High familiarity significantly speeded metaphor comprehension compared to low familiarity (Experiment 1).
    • Literal priming did not facilitate low-familiarity metaphor interpretation, contradicting the career of metaphor hypothesis (Experiment 2a).
    • Metaphor aptness did not affect comprehension when familiarity was equated, contradicting the categorization hypothesis (Experiment 2b).

    Conclusions:

    • Metaphor familiarity, not solely categorization, plays a crucial role in comprehension speed.
    • Existing theories may need revision to fully account for the interplay of familiarity and aptness in processing metaphors.