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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Specialized Care Centers and Settings-I01:30

Specialized Care Centers and Settings-I

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Specialized care settings or centers are situated in convenient locations within the community and offer care to a specific group or population. They consist of daycare facilities, mental health facilities, rural health facilities, educational institutions, industries, shelters for the homeless, and rehabilitation facilities.
Daycare centers
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Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Ethical Dilemmas II01:30

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Resolving an ethical dilemma in healthcare involves a systematic approach that considers every aspect of the issue, respecting both the patient's needs and values and the healthcare professional's ethical obligations. Here are potential steps to resolve an ethical dilemma:
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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HDLs in crises.

Arnold von Eckardstein1, Lucia Rohrer

  • 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Lipidology
|April 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels do not reflect the protective functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Understanding HDL particle composition and function is key for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Clinical utility of HDL-C is questioned due to Mendelian randomization studies and failed intervention trials.
  • Criticism stems from equating HDL-C with HDL functionality, misinterpreting it as 'good cholesterol'.
  • HDL particles are heterogeneous, with components beyond cholesterol contributing to protective functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the role of HDL particles beyond HDL-C in cardiovascular health.
  • To explore the diagnostic potential of HDL particle composition and functionality.
  • To identify therapeutic targets for modulating HDL function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Mendelian randomization studies and clinical trials.
  • Analysis of HDL particle heterogeneity and its functional implications.

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  • Exploration of novel biomarkers including HDL particle numbers, proteins, lipids, and bioassays.

    • Main Results:

    • HDL functionality is determined by various components, not just HDL-C.
    • Inflammation alters HDL composition and function, leading to dysfunctional HDL.
    • Dysfunctional HDL can exacerbate disease states.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical assessment of HDL requires evaluating particle function, not just HDL-C levels.
    • Identifying structural correlates of HDL function can lead to better biomarkers for risk assessment and treatment monitoring.
    • Targeting HDL-associated agonists and cellular responders offers potential for drug development.