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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Co@Co3 O4 @PPD Core@bishell Nanoparticle-Based Composite as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction

Zhijuan Wang1, Bing Li1, Xiaoming Ge1

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A novel Co@Co3O4@PPD catalyst offers superior durability and activity for oxygen reduction reactions. This advancement is key for high-performance primary zinc-air batteries and direct methanol fuel cells.

Keywords:
cobalt oxidedopaminenitrogen-doped carbonoxygen reduction reactionzinc-air batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • High-performance electrocatalysts are essential for efficient energy conversion devices like primary zinc-air batteries (ZnABs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
  • The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a critical bottleneck in these devices, necessitating durable and active catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel composite electrocatalyst with enhanced durability and activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
  • To investigate the performance of the new catalyst in primary zinc-air batteries.

Main Methods:

  • A three-step synthesis involving hydrothermal synthesis, high-temperature calcination under nitrogen, and air heating was employed.
  • The catalyst structure, Co@Co3O4 core@shell nanoparticles embedded in pyrolyzed polydopamine (Co@Co3O4@PPD), was characterized.
  • Electrochemical performance was evaluated in aqueous alkaline solutions and in air-cathode primary ZnABs.

Main Results:

  • The Co@Co3O4@PPD catalyst demonstrated excellent stability in alkaline solutions and tolerance to methanol crossover.
  • The core@bishell structure, featuring Co@Co3O4 NPs encapsulated by N-doped graphitic carbon, exhibited high ORR activity.
  • Primary ZnABs utilizing the Co@Co3O4@PPD catalyst maintained a stable voltage for over 40 hours at a high discharge current density of 20 mA cm⁻².

Conclusions:

  • The developed Co@Co3O4@PPD composite electrocatalyst shows significant promise for advanced energy storage and conversion applications.
  • The unique core@bishell nanostructure facilitates efficient oxygen reduction, leading to improved device performance and longevity.