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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Improved Generation of Induced Cardiomyocytes Using a Polycistronic Construct Expressing Optimal Ratio of Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5
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Dynamic culture improves cell reprogramming efficiency.

Junren Sia1, Raymond Sun2, Julia Chu3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA; UC Berkeley & UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, San Francisco, USA.

Biomaterials
|April 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic culture with orbital shaking enhances induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming by preventing p57 upregulation in over-confluent cells. This method improves cell reprogramming efficiency for regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords:
Cell proliferationCell reprogrammingInduced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cell Engineering

Background:

  • Cell reprogramming to pluripotency is inefficient.
  • Biophysical factors influencing reprogramming are poorly understood.
  • Improving induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) yield is critical for regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dynamic culture conditions on cell reprogramming efficiency.
  • To elucidate the biophysical mechanisms underlying improved reprogramming.
  • To optimize cell reprogramming protocols for enhanced iPSC generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dynamic culture with orbital shaking for adherent cell reprogramming.
  • Manipulated culture medium viscosity to differentiate between convective mixing and hydrodynamic shear stress.
  • Conducted temporal studies and analyzed p57 expression levels.
  • Varied cell seeding densities to assess optimal conditions.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic culture with orbital shaking significantly improved iPSC reprogramming efficiency.
  • Convective mixing, not shear stress, was identified as the primary driver of enhanced efficiency.
  • Dynamic culture in the middle phase, not the early phase, was crucial for enhancement.
  • Orbital shaking prevented p57 upregulation in over-confluent cultures, thereby improving reprogramming.
  • Optimal efficiency was achieved at high seeding densities combined with dynamic culture.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic culture conditions, specifically orbital shaking, offer a novel strategy to enhance cell reprogramming efficiency.
  • Understanding the role of p57 regulation under dynamic culture provides mechanistic insights.
  • These findings have significant implications for advancing cell engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling.