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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

326
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
326

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Kidney and aging - A narrative review.

Michael Gekle1

  • 1Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 6, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.

Experimental Gerontology
|April 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Kidney function declines with age, starting around age 20. Understanding these age-related changes is crucial for distinguishing normal aging from disease requiring intervention.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Gerontology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Kidneys mature by age 5.
  • Renal function declines progressively from age 20.
  • Factors influencing decline include gender, race, genetics, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline age-related changes in kidney function.
  • To identify key factors contributing to renal aging.
  • To highlight the challenge in differentiating physiological aging from pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of age-related physiological changes in the kidney.
  • Analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms of renal aging.
  • Discussion of functional alterations associated with aging.

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Main Results:

  • Kidney function peaks by age 5 and declines thereafter.
  • Age-related decline affects glomerular filtration, sodium/potassium balance, and hormone responsiveness.
  • Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, RAAS, and cardiovascular disease are implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Renal aging involves reduced functional capacity and regulatory flexibility.
  • Differentiating normal aging from pathological conditions is essential for appropriate medical intervention.