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Related Concept Videos

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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High resolution bone material property assignment yields robust subject specific finite element models of complex

Amirreza Pakdel1, Jeffrey Fialkov2, Cari M Whyne3

  • 1Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Journal of Biomechanics
|April 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new method for finite element (FE) modeling of bone, improving accuracy in complex skeletal structures. The Node-based elastic Modulus Assignment with Partial-volume correction (NMAP) method enhances material property mapping for better biomechanical analysis.

Keywords:
Bone material property assignmentCraniomaxillofacial biomechanicsFinite element analysisPartial volume correctionThin bone modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Anatomy

Background:

  • Accurate finite element (FE) modeling of complex skeletal anatomy is crucial for understanding biomechanical load transfer.
  • High resolution in meshing and heterogeneous material property mapping are essential for FE model fidelity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Node-based elastic Modulus Assignment with Partial-volume correction (NMAP) for improved FE material property assignment in thin bone structures.
  • To validate the NMAP approach by creating specimen-specific FE models of the craniomaxillo-facial skeleton (CMFS).

Main Methods:

  • NMAP incorporates deblurring of CT images, partial-volume correction, and anisotropic interpolation for CT intensity assignment to FE mesh nodes.
  • A CMFS-specific density-isotropic elastic modulus relationship was derived and applied.
  • The method was used to generate FE models of 6 cadaveric heads.

Main Results:

  • NMAP successfully generated FE models of complex thin bone structures with accurate surface elastic moduli.
  • Specimen-specific CMFS FE models accurately predicted experimental strains under muscle loading (r=0.93, slope=1.01).

Conclusions:

  • The NMAP procedure provides a robust validation for CMFS FE modeling, enhancing understanding of load transfer.
  • This methodology offers a systematic process for creating high-fidelity FE models of musculoskeletal anatomy.