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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Leprosy Reactions Show Increased Th17 Cell Activity and Reduced FOXP3+ Tregs with Concomitant Decrease in TGF-β and

Chaman Saini¹, Anisuddin Siddiqui², Venkatesh Ramesh³

¹National Institute of Pathology (ICMR) Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases

|April 2, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Leprosy reactions involve an imbalance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Reduced Treg activity and increased Th17 activity contribute to inflammation and nerve damage in leprosy patients.

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Immunology
Dermatology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Leprosy reactions, including Type 1 (reversal reactions) and Type 2 (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum), affect 50% of patients, causing significant morbidity and nerve damage.
CD4+ Th17 cells and CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are implicated in leprosy immunopathology and stable disease.
Understanding the role of these T cell subsets in leprosy reactions is crucial for managing the disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the immunopathology of leprosy reactions.
To compare the immune profiles of patients with stable leprosy versus those experiencing Type 1 (RR) and Type 2 (ENL) reactions.

Main Methods:

Quantitative reverse transcribed PCR (qPCR) for gene expression analysis.
Flow cytometry for cell phenotype characterization.
ELISA for measuring cytokine levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures stimulated with antigens.

Main Results:

Leprosy reactions showed a significant increase in Th17 cells and associated cytokines (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-23) and chemokines (CCL20, CCL22) compared to stable leprosy.
Patients in reaction phases exhibited reduced FOXP3+ Treg cells, decreased TGF-β, and increased IL-6.
Reversal reactions (RR) displayed higher expression of T cell markers, cytokines, and chemokines compared to Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) reactions.

Conclusions:

Leprosy reactions are characterized by an imbalance between Th17 and Treg populations, with reduced Treg suppressor activity correlating with heightened Th17 cell activity.
The interplay of reduced TGF-β and increased IL-6, IL-21 cytokines influences the Th17/Treg balance in leprosy reactions, mirroring findings in murine models and autoimmune diseases.
Elevated Th17 cell-associated cytokines likely contribute to lesional inflammation in leprosy reactions.