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SAD phasing: History, current impact and future opportunities.

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Single Wavelength Anomalous Diffraction (SAD) phasing has evolved significantly since the 1950s. Advances in hardware and software now make SAD a routine method for macromolecular structure determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Single Wavelength Anomalous Diffraction (SAD) was recognized for its phasing potential in the 1950s.
  • Early challenges included difficulties in recording accurate SAD data.
  • Despite limitations, SAD offered unique advantages for crystallographic phasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of SAD phasing.
  • To highlight key advances that spurred continued phasing development.
  • To describe technological improvements enabling routine macromolecular structure determination by SAD.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of Single Wavelength Anomalous Diffraction (SAD).
  • Analysis of theoretical and technological advancements.
  • Examination of hardware and software developments over three decades.

Main Results:

  • SAD phasing has a long history dating back to the 1950s.
  • Key advances have built the theoretical foundation for modern SAD.
  • Technological progress has established SAD as a primary method for structure determination.

Conclusions:

  • SAD phasing has evolved from a problematic technique to a routine method.
  • Continuous development in theory, hardware, and software has been crucial.
  • SAD is now a 'first choice method' for macromolecular structure determination.