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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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Hepatitis C and sex.

Emma E Page1, Mark Nelson2

  • 1Departments of Genitourinary Medicine and Virology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK emma.page7@nhs.net.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|April 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C is sexually transmitted among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Increased chemsex and new HIV prevention strategies may risk further Hepatitis C spread, despite new treatments.

Keywords:
HIVchemsexhepatitis Cmen who have sex with mensexual transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Sexual transmission of acute Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been documented among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM).
  • Initially, recreational drug use, particularly injection, was not a primary risk factor for HCV infection in this population.
  • More recently, chemsex and associated injectable drug use have become increasingly reported among MSM diagnosed with HCV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolving epidemiology of Hepatitis C transmission among HIV-positive MSM.
  • To assess the potential impact of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and HIV prevention strategies on the HCV epidemic within this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on acute Hepatitis C outbreaks in MSM.
  • Analysis of trends in drug use, including chemsex and injection drug use, associated with HCV diagnoses.
  • Evaluation of the potential interplay between HCV treatment, HIV prevention, and transmission dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis C transmission among HIV-positive MSM is primarily sexual.
  • Chemsex and associated injectable drug use are increasingly linked to HCV diagnoses in this population.
  • Widespread introduction of DAAs may alter perceived risk, potentially increasing transmissions.

Conclusions:

  • Direct-acting antivirals offer hope for controlling the HCV epidemic but may inadvertently increase transmission risks.
  • The combination of effective HIV prevention strategies and changes in risk perception due to DAAs could lead to increased HCV spread, including to HIV-negative MSM.
  • Public health strategies must adapt to these evolving dynamics to prevent further dissemination of Hepatitis C.