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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

17.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Extraction of Histones from Clinical Specimens for Epigenetic Profiling by Mass Spectrometry
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Histone Modifications and Cancer.

James E Audia1, Robert M Campbell2

  • 1Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|April 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone posttranslational modifications are key epigenetic marks regulating cellular processes. Deregulation of these marks in cancer and epigenetic drug development are discussed.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are crucial epigenetic regulators.
  • These marks influence gene expression, DNA repair, and chromatin stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key and novel histone PTMs deregulated in cancer.
  • To discuss the functional impact of these modifications in cancer.
  • To address challenges and the status of epigenetic drug development for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of histone modifications in cancer.
  • Analysis of functional impacts of epigenetic deregulation.
  • Overview of epigenetic drug development strategies and challenges.

Main Results:

  • Numerous histone PTMs are altered in various cancers.
  • These alterations significantly impact cellular functions, promoting tumorigenesis.
  • Epigenetic therapies show promise but face development hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Histone PTMs are critical players in cancer development and progression.
  • Targeting epigenetic alterations represents a viable therapeutic strategy.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in epigenetic drug development.