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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

8.2K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
8.2K
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

126
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
126
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

160
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
160
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

127
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
127
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

115
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
115
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

1.6K
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Related Experiment Video

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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

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Contact Hypersensitivity.

Anthony A Gaspari1, Stephen I Katz1, Stefan F Martin2

  • 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.

Current Protocols in Immunology
|April 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a cell-mediated immune assay. This study details a mouse model protocol to measure CHS, quantifying the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction by ear swelling after hapten exposure.

Keywords:
allergic contact dermatitiscontact hypersensitivitydelayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • In vivo assays

Background:

  • Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a key cell-mediated immune response.
  • It involves epidermal and dermal cells reacting to exogenous haptens.
  • This reaction is a form of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a standardized in vivo protocol for assessing CHS in mice.
  • To detail the methodology for measuring the DTH reaction.
  • To establish a quantifiable assay for cell-mediated immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Mice abdomens were shaved and exposed to a hapten.
  • After a 5–6 day afferent phase, baseline ear thickness was measured.
  • The efferent phase involved epicutaneous ear treatment with the hapten, followed by ear thickness measurement ~24 hours later.

Main Results:

  • The protocol allows for the measurement and quantification of CHS.
  • Ear swelling magnitude directly reflects the strength of the immune response.
  • Key antigen-presenting cells, Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, initiate the sensitization process.

Conclusions:

  • The described protocol provides a reliable method for studying CHS in vivo.
  • This assay is valuable for investigating cell-mediated immunity and DTH reactions.
  • Understanding CHS mechanisms is crucial for immune function studies.