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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Physiology of the Heart: The Cardiac Cycle01:18

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The cardiac cycle describes the events from one heartbeat to the next. It includes three main phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, all driven by changes in chamber pressures and the function of heart valves.
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During diastole, all four heart chambers relax. The atrioventricular (AV) valves open, and the semilunar valves close. This phase sees the lowest chamber pressures, promoting ventricular filling. Venous blood enters the heart through the...
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Study of cardiovascular function using a coupled left ventricle and systemic circulation model.

W W Chen1, H Gao1, X Y Luo1

  • 1School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, UK.

Journal of Biomechanics
|April 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new computational model simulates heart and artery interactions. This tool helps understand cardiovascular system responses in health and disease, aiding clinical applications.

Keywords:
Cardio-arterial couplingCardiovascular modellingFluid–structure interactionLeft ventricleSystemic circulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding cardio-arterial interactions is crucial for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
  • Existing models often simplify the complex interplay between the left ventricle and systemic arteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a coupled computational model of the left ventricle and systemic arteries (LV-SA).
  • To investigate cardio-arterial dynamics under physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D finite-strain left ventricle (LV) model coupled with a 1D systemic artery (SA) model.
  • Utilized an immersed-boundary finite-element (IB/FE) method and Lax-Wendroff scheme for solving governing equations.
  • Validated the model against physiological measurements from healthy subjects.

Main Results:

  • The baseline model accurately reproduced experimental data for healthy individuals.
  • Simulations revealed diverse pathological responses in exemplar cases, consistent with clinical observations.
  • The coupled LV-SA model effectively captures complex cardio-arterial interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The validated LV-SA model provides a powerful tool for studying cardiovascular dynamics.
  • This model can offer insights into various clinical applications and disease mechanisms.
  • It facilitates a deeper understanding of the interplay between cardiac function and arterial hemodynamics.