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Protein Modifications as Manifestations of Hyperglycemic Glucotoxicity in Diabetes and Its Complications

Hong Zheng1, Jinzi Wu2, Zhen Jin2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.; Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Biochemistry Insights
|April 5, 2016
PubMed

Insights

This review explores how protein modifications like glycation and acetylation are linked to diabetic complications. Understanding these changes aids in deciphering the pathology of diabetes and its related conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, leading to cellular toxicity.
  • Aberrant metabolic pathways in diabetes are associated with numerous posttranslational protein modifications.
  • These modifications reflect the glucotoxicity underlying diabetic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key posttranslational protein modifications implicated in diabetes and its complications.
  • To elucidate the role of oxidative and carbon stress in driving these modifications.
  • To enhance understanding of diabetic pathological mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of widely studied protein modifications in diabetes.
  • Analysis of the link between oxidative/carbon stress and posttranslational modifications.
  • Examination of pathways like the polyol and ADP-ribosylation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified key modifications: glycation, carbonylation, nitration, S-nitrosylation, acetylation, sumoylation, ADP-ribosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and succination.
  • Established the contribution of oxidative and carbon stress to these modifications.
  • Highlighted the role of diabetic redox imbalance and specific pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Posttranslational protein modifications are critical indicators of diabetic glucotoxicity.
  • Oxidative and carbon stress significantly influence these modifications in diabetes.
  • Further exploration of these modifications is essential for understanding diabetes pathology.
Keywords:
NAD+carbon stressdiabetesglucotoxicityhyperglycemiaoxidative stressposttranslational modificationsredox imbalance

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