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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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Inflammation and innate immune function in critical illness.

Jennifer A Muszynski1, Rajan Thakkar, Mark W Hall

  • 1aCritical Care Medicine bThe Research Institute cDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|April 5, 2016
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Summary

Critical illness triggers both inflammation and immune suppression. Monitoring and modulating the immune response, particularly innate immune suppression, is crucial for diagnosis and treatment in intensive care units.

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Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Critical illness involves concurrent pro- and anti-inflammatory responses.
  • Innate immune suppression is a significant complication in intensive care patients.
  • This suppression can impair immune cell function, increasing infection risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the inflammatory response in critical illness.
  • To emphasize immune monitoring and modulation.
  • To highlight diagnosis and treatment of critical illness-induced innate immune suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of inflammatory and immune responses in critical illness.
  • Discussion of immune cell function and mediators.
  • Analysis of diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Innate immune cells drive the initial inflammatory response.
  • Compensatory anti-inflammatory responses lead to immune suppression.
  • Reduced monocyte HLA-DR and impaired TNF-alpha production indicate severe suppression (immunoparalysis).

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune suppression is a reversible complication of critical illness.
  • Immunoparalysis increases the risk of secondary infections and mortality.
  • Immunostimulatory strategies may restore innate immune function.