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Testing the Relationships between Diversification, Species Richness, and Trait Evolution.

Kenneth H Kozak1, John J Wiens2

  • 1Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Systematic Biology
|April 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Species diversification rates do not always correlate with clade age or richness. Our simulations show that variation in diversification rates is not an artifact and can explain species richness patterns, challenging previous assumptions in macroevolutionary studies.

Keywords:
Diversificationsimulationsspecies richness

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Area of Science:

  • Macroevolutionary studies
  • Diversification rates
  • Species richness patterns

Background:

  • Estimating net diversification rates is crucial for understanding trait-driven species diversification.
  • Previous studies have questioned the validity of analyzing net diversification rates, particularly when clade richness is not correlated with clade age.
  • Concerns exist that correlations between species richness and diversification rates may be statistical artifacts, rendering them uninformative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between net diversification rate variation and the age-richness correlation in clades.
  • To assess the accuracy of net diversification rate estimators and the influence of the age-richness relationship on their performance.
  • To determine if a link between species richness and diversification rates is an inevitable statistical artifact.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized simulations based on empirical data from plethodontid salamanders.
  • Analyzed how variation in net diversification rates relates to clade age and species richness.
  • Evaluated the accuracy of diversification rate estimators under various conditions, including differing age-richness relationships and extinction assumptions.

Main Results:

  • Strong positive age-richness relationships emerge with invariant diversification rates; realistic rate variation often disrupts this pattern.
  • Net diversification rate estimators demonstrated reasonable accuracy (∼10-20% difference from true rates), improving with clade age and accurate extinction assumptions.
  • Significant relationships between species richness and diversification rates were not consistently found, particularly with faster rates in younger clades, refuting inevitability.

Conclusions:

  • A significant age-richness relationship is not a prerequisite for using net diversification rates in macroevolutionary research.
  • Net diversification rate estimators are reliable under diverse conditions, and their accuracy is not compromised by the absence of a strong age-richness correlation.
  • The study supports the idea that diversification rate variation explains significant inter-clade species richness differences, necessitating the testing of richness-diversification relationships to avoid misinterpretations.