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Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside.

Rachel A Davey1, Mathis Grossmann1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia.

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The androgen receptor (AR) mediates androgen actions via DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding pathways. This review overviews AR structure, function, signaling, and clinical relevance, highlighting recent advancements.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Androgens, like testosterone, exert effects through the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear transcription factor.
  • The AR is crucial for reproductive, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, immune, neural, and hematopoietic systems.
  • AR signaling is implicated in the development of various cancers, including prostate, liver, and lung.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the androgen receptor's structure, function, and signaling pathways.
  • To discuss the AR's diverse biological roles and its involvement in clinical medicine.
  • To highlight recent developments and research in the field of androgen receptor biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on androgens and the androgen receptor.
  • Analysis of AR structure, function, and signaling mechanisms (DNA-binding dependent and independent).
  • Exploration of AR's role in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • The AR mediates androgen actions through both DNA-binding dependent and independent pathways.
  • Ligand-independent actions of the AR have also been recently identified.
  • The AR plays a significant role in various biological systems and disease development.

Conclusions:

  • The androgen receptor is a key mediator of androgenic effects with broad physiological and pathological implications.
  • Understanding AR signaling is crucial for its clinical applications and therapeutic targeting.
  • Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of AR biology and its role in health and disease.