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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Microbiome and Anticancer Immunosurveillance.

Laurence Zitvogel1, Maha Ayyoub1, Bertrand Routy1

  • 1INSERM, U1015, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 95800 Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer, 95800 Villejuif, France.

Cell
|April 9, 2016
PubMed
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The microbiome significantly influences the body's natural defense against cancer. Understanding these gut bacteria interactions can lead to novel cancer therapies and prevention strategies.

Keywords:
cancercheckpoint blockersimmunityimmunotherapymicrobiotapathogen recognition receptorstumor-associated antigens

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Anticancer immune responses are a form of beneficial autoimmunity.
  • The microbiome plays a crucial role in shaping immune system functions.
  • The interplay between the microbiome and anti-tumor immunity is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for the microbiome's influence on anti-tumor immunosurveillance.
  • To propose mechanisms by which the microbiome affects cancer immunity.
  • To highlight the potential of targeting the microbiome for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Hypothesizing mechanisms of microbial influence on anti-tumor immunity.
  • Discussion of indirect and distant effects of the microbiome.

Main Results:

  • The microbiome can indirectly influence anti-tumor immunosurveillance.
  • Mechanisms include cross-reactivity between microbial and tumor antigens affecting T cells.
  • Microbial products can modulate immune responses via pattern recognition receptors.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome profoundly shapes natural cancer immunosurveillance.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to developing new cancer treatments.
  • Microbiome modulation offers a promising avenue for cancer prophylactics and therapeutics.