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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Aneurysm I: Introduction01:30

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An aortic aneurysm is a localized outpouching or dilation at a weak point in the artery wall. It may involve different parts of the aorta, such as the abdominal aorta, aortic arch, or thoracic aorta.Etiological factorsSeveral disorders are associated with aortic aneurysms.Congenital causes, such as primary connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, impact the integrity and strength of connective tissues, notably affecting the aorta. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that specifically...
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The Aorta01:14

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The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and extends down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries. Structurally, it can be divided into four main parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.
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Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...
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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
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When and How to Enlarge the Small Aortic Root.

Phan-Kiet Tran1, Victor Tsang2

  • 1Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Pediatric Heart Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.

Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual
|April 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enlarging a small aortic root in infants is challenging. This review covers surgical anatomy, patient selection, and techniques for successful aortic root enlargement in pediatric patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric cardiac surgery
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Cardiovascular anatomy

Background:

  • Enlargement of a small aortic root in pediatric patients, especially neonates, presents significant surgical challenges.
  • Effective management necessitates a deep understanding of the left ventricular outflow tract's anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical principles guiding surgical techniques for aortic root enlargement in children.
  • To discuss patient selection, surgical timing, procedural options, and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical principles relevant to left ventricular outflow tract.
  • Analysis of decision-making criteria for surgical intervention.
  • Synthesis of information on various surgical techniques and their outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Successful aortic root enlargement requires precise anatomical knowledge and careful surgical planning.
  • Patient selection and timing are critical factors influencing surgical success.
  • Various surgical options exist, each with specific indications and potential outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic root enlargement in infants and children is a complex procedure demanding specialized expertise.
  • Understanding anatomical nuances and employing meticulous surgical techniques are paramount for favorable outcomes.