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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

40.1K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Cryptic intronic transcriptional initiation generates efficient endogenous mRNA templates for C9orf72-associated RAN translation.

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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

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RAN translation-What makes it run?

Katelyn M Green1, Alexander E Linsalata1, Peter K Todd2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

Brain Research
|April 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeat expansion disorders, like Huntington

Keywords:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisC9orf72Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndromeFrontotemporal dementiaHuntington diseaseTranslation initiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nucleotide-repeat expansions cause neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders.
  • Current therapies for these conditions are lacking.
  • Repeat RNA motifs can initiate translation without a start codon, causing neuronal toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation.
  • To explore RAN translation in the context of canonical and non-canonical translation initiation.
  • To highlight findings in fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome, C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD, and Huntington disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of RAN translation mechanisms.
  • Analysis of RAN translation in specific repeat expansion disorders.
  • Comparison of RAN translation across different repeat types and contexts.

Main Results:

  • RAN translation can occur in various sequence contexts without AUG start codons.
  • RAN translation products contribute to neuronal toxicity.
  • Mechanisms of RAN translation may differ based on repeat type, reading frame, and sequence context.

Conclusions:

  • RAN translation is a key mechanism in several repeat expansion disorders.
  • Some repeat types may rely on canonical translation initiation machinery.
  • Further research is needed to understand the nuances of RAN translation and develop therapies.