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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

27
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
27
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

520
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Nested case-control study: hepatocellular carcinoma risk after hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance.

P P Gounder1, L R Bulkow1, M Snowball2

  • 1Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA.

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|April 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance did not lower hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Alaska Native patients. Continued surveillance is recommended for those with prior HCC risk factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk after resolving chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains uncertain.
  • Understanding this risk is crucial for patient management and public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare the risk of HCC in Alaska Native (AN) patients who achieved hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance versus those who did not.
  • To determine if HBsAg seroclearance influences long-term HCC development.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 1346 chronically HBV-infected AN patients (1982-2013) was analyzed.
  • Patients were categorized into case-patients (with HBsAg seroclearance) and control-patients (without HBsAg seroclearance), matched for age, sex, and HBV genotype.
  • Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare HCC risk, with person-years of follow-up adjusted for HBsAg seroclearance date.

Main Results:

  • 238 case-patients and 435 control-patients were included; groups were similar in age, sex, and HBV genotype.
  • HCC rates per 100,000 persons were comparable: 132 for case-patients and 178 for control-patients (P=0.65).
  • The adjusted hazard ratio for HCC associated with HBsAg seroclearance was 0.7 (95% CI: 0.2-2.4), indicating no significant difference. Increased age and prior positive HBeAg were associated with higher HCC risk.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance was not associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in this AN cohort.
  • The wide confidence intervals highlight the need for cautious interpretation of these findings.
  • Continued HCC surveillance is advised for individuals who met surveillance criteria before HBsAg seroclearance.