Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes enzymatically convert the released hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomal Protein Import:
Peroxisomes lack the genetic machinery required to code for their own proteins. Hence, most peroxisomal membrane, lumenal and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm or ER and transported to the peroxisome...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A phase II clinical trial of albumin-bound paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine (NABPLAGEM), and paricalcitol as neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer.

The oncologist·2026

Same author

Vedolizumab Dose Escalation Resolves Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis in Two Patients.

Case reports in oncological medicine·2025

Same author

Environmental factors capable of broadly interfering with nutritional lifespan extension paradigms.

iScience·2025

Same author

Investigating biomarkers of exposure to jet aircraft oil fumes using mass spectrometry.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Same author

Underway measurement of cyanobacterial microcystins using a surface plasmon resonance sensor on an autonomous underwater vehicle.

Limnology and oceanography, methods·2025

Same author

Impact of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in Diseases-2nd Edition.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Published on: December 4, 2013

Developmental expression of paraoxonase 2.

Jacqueline M Garrick¹, Khoi Dao¹, Rian de Laat¹

¹Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.

Chemico-Biological Interactions

|April 12, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) levels in the brain are low in young mice, increasing with age before declining. This suggests neonatal and young animals may be vulnerable to oxidative stress.

Keywords:

Brain Development Liver Oxidative stress Paraoxonase 1 Paraoxonase 2 Paraoxonase 3

More Related Videos

ROS Live Cell Imaging During Neuronal Development

ROS Live Cell Imaging During Neuronal Development

Published on: February 9, 2021

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Published on: December 11, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Published on: December 4, 2013

ROS Live Cell Imaging During Neuronal Development

ROS Live Cell Imaging During Neuronal Development

Published on: February 9, 2021

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Induction and Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Sleeping Beauty Transposon-Transfected Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Published on: December 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is an antioxidant enzyme localized to cellular membranes.
PON2 is the sole paraoxonase family member expressed in brain tissue, crucial for mitigating oxidative stress.
Understanding PON2 expression patterns is key to identifying neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate PON2 expression at mRNA and protein levels in mouse brain and liver during development.
To identify age-related windows of susceptibility to oxidative stress.
To compare hepatic PON2 expression with PON1 and PON3.

Main Methods:

Quantitative analysis of PON2 mRNA and protein expression in mouse brain and liver.
Developmental profiling across various postnatal stages.
Comparative analysis with PON1 and PON3 expression in the liver.
Cross-species validation using non-human primate brain samples.

Main Results:

Mouse brain PON2 expression was low neonatally, peaking around postnatal day 21, then decreasing significantly by postnatal days 30 and 60.
Liver PON2 expression increased progressively with age, mirroring PON1 and PON3 patterns.
Non-human primate brain PON2 expression showed a similar developmental trend: increasing in infants and decreasing in juveniles.
These findings indicate age-dependent variations in brain PON2 levels.

Conclusions:

Neonatal and young adult animals exhibit lower brain PON2 levels, potentially increasing susceptibility to oxidant-induced neurological damage.
Age-related changes in PON2 expression highlight critical developmental periods for brain vulnerability to oxidative stress.
Comparative expression patterns in the liver suggest distinct regulatory mechanisms for PON2 compared to PON1 and PON3.