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Physalis and physaloids: A recent and complex evolutionary history.

María Del Pilar Zamora-Tavares1, Mahinda Martínez2, Susana Magallón3

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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
|April 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The study untangles the complex evolutionary history of Physalinae, revealing recent diversification driven by geological and climatic changes. Despite extensive data, some phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved due to rapid evolution.

Keywords:
Ancestral area reconstructionMexican Transition ZoneMolecular clockRecent divergenceSolanaceae

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Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • The subtribe Physalinae exhibits complex evolutionary relationships, leading to poor resolution among its genera, particularly Physalis.
  • Recent evolutionary history within a complex geographic setting is hypothesized as the cause of this phylogenetic uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the phylogenetic relationships within Physalinae, identify monophyletic groups, and resolve the physaloid grade.
  • To investigate the probable causes behind the recent divergence and diversification within the subtribe Physalinae.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference.
  • Both morphological and molecular data (five plastid and two nuclear regions) from 50 Physalinae species and 19 outgroups were utilized.
  • A relaxed molecular clock and ancestral area reconstruction (DEC model) were employed.

Main Results:

  • The genera Chamaesaracha, Leucophysalis, and Physalis subgenus Rydbergis were confirmed as monophyletic.
  • Strong support was found for three clades: Alkekengi-Calliphysalis, Schraderanthus-Tzeltalia, and Witheringia-Brachistus.
  • Despite comprehensive data, complete phylogenetic resolution was not achieved, with several clades remaining unsupported.

Conclusions:

  • Physalinae diverged in the late Miocene (∼9.22 Mya), with major diversification occurring in the last 5 million years.
  • The Neotropical region (45%) and the Mexican Transition Zone (35%) are the most probable ancestral areas.
  • Recent diversification, driven by Pliocene-Pleistocene geological and climatic changes, coupled with morphological complexity, hinders complete phylogenetic resolution using current methods.