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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:

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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Published on: August 1, 2018

[The hepatopulmonary syndrome].

Simone Eibye, Erik Christensen¹

¹erik.christensen.01@regionh.dk.

Ugeskrift for Laeger

|April 12, 2016

Summary

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), a liver disease complication, is likely underdiagnosed. Early investigation in liver patients with hypoxemia is crucial, as liver transplantation may improve outcomes.

Area of Science:

Pulmonary Medicine
Hepatology
Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious complication of chronic liver disease.
HPS is characterized by liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, and arterial hypoxemia.
Underdiagnosis of HPS may stem from a lack of clinical awareness.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the underdiagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).
To emphasize the importance of investigating HPS in liver disease patients with unexplained hypoxemia.
To review current understanding of HPS pathophysiology and treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Analysis of clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria for HPS.

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The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

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A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

Published on: November 29, 2018

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Last Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Published on: August 1, 2018

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

Published on: March 8, 2019

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

Published on: November 29, 2018

Evaluation of therapeutic options for HPS, including medical and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

HPS is a triad of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, and hypoxemia.
No definitive medical therapy exists, though garlic showed promise in one trial.
Liver transplantation appears to be the most effective treatment for HPS.

Conclusions:

HPS is underdiagnosed and requires increased clinical awareness.
Liver patients presenting with unexplained hypoxemia should be evaluated for HPS.
Liver transplantation offers significant improvement for HPS patients.