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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The Hartley oscillator is a positive feedback system that sustains oscillations by feeding the output back to the input in phase, thereby reinforcing the signal. Positive feedback systems can be viewed as negative feedback systems with inverted feedback signals. In these systems, the root locus encompasses all points on the s-plane where the angle of the system transfer function equals 360 degrees.
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Related Experiment Video

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Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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A Robust Feedforward Model of the Olfactory System.

Yilun Zhang1,2, Tatyana O Sharpee1,2

  • 1Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America.

Plos Computational Biology
|April 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel feedforward olfactory model for fast, noise-robust odor reconstruction. It proposes a specific glomeruli-to-neuron connection strategy for efficient olfactory coding.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Natural odors possess sparse molecular compositions, suggesting relevance of compressed sensing principles to olfactory coding.
  • The feedforward organization of the olfactory system limits standard compressed sensing reconstruction.
  • Prior theoretical models using dynamical systems for reconstruction faced limitations in speed and noise robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a feedforward olfactory model enabling strong compression and rapid, noise-robust odor signal reconstruction.
  • To investigate the relationship between olfactory system's compression and reconstruction stages for efficient coding.
  • To propose a testable prediction for the connectivity between olfactory glomeruli and third-order neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel feedforward computational model of the olfactory system.
  • Modeling odor representation at the glomeruli stage as a compression mechanism.
  • Defining specific connectivity rules from glomeruli to third-order neurons for signal reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model achieves both significant compression and fast, noise-resilient odor reconstruction.
  • A specific relationship between glomeruli representation and subsequent neuronal connections is identified as key.
  • The model demonstrates robustness against noise, including false glomeruli activation.

Conclusions:

  • A feedforward olfactory model can achieve efficient odor compression and fast, robust reconstruction.
  • The specific connectivity pattern between glomeruli and third-order neurons is crucial for olfactory coding efficiency.
  • The model's predictions offer a testable hypothesis for experimental validation in olfactory research.